You’ve shopped for cars, gone on test drives, and found the perfect vehicle. But will you qualify for an auto loan? Before you’re approved, the lender pulls your credit report to determine your creditworthiness. Your credit report and credit score helps them decide whether to grant you a loan and at what interest rate.
Lenders can choose between many credit scoring models and multiple credit bureaus. So which credit score do car dealers commonly use?
What credit scores do car dealers use?
When you apply for an auto loan, a lender is likely to use one version of the following credit scores: FICO® Auto Score, Base FICO® Score, or VantageScore®. FICO® scores are used by 90% of top lenders and VantageScore® credit scores are used by nine of the 10 largest banks.[1][2]
FICO auto score
FICO® Auto Scores are industry-specific scores that focus on how likely you are to repay an auto loan late. For example, late payments (or other negative information) on past auto loans could damage your FICO® auto score more than other derogatory items.
Instead of the traditional 300-850 credit score range, FICO® Auto Scores feature a scale of 250-900. A higher FICO® Auto Score indicates less credit risk — just like a higher score means less risk under other credit scoring models. With a higher score, you’re more likely to qualify for car financing and get a better interest rate based on each auto lender's criteria. Each individual lender also determines what other financial information they will consider in their credit review process.
Lenders use multiple versions of the FICO® Auto Score. (Think about the many versions of smartphone software, and how some users will update their operating systems while others continue to use older options.)
The newest version (as of this writing) is FICO® Auto Score 10, introduced in 2020. However, many auto lenders still use FICO® Auto Score 2, FICO® Auto Score 4, FICO® Auto Score 5, and FICO® Auto Score 8.
Here is a list of which FICO® auto scores are most commonly used for each credit bureau.[3]
- Experian- Auto Score 2, Auto Score 8, Auto Score 9
- Equifax- Auto Score 5, Auto Score 8, Auto Score 9
- TransUnion- Auto Score 4, Auto Score 8, Auto Score 9
FICO score (base model)
Base FICO® scores predict the likelihood that you’ll make a late payment on any credit obligation within the upcoming 24 months. They feature the traditional score range of 300-850.
Lenders use numerous versions of base FICO® Scores. FICO® Score 10 is the most recent (as of this writing). Yet FICO® Score 8, introduced in 2009, remains the most widely used version.[3]
VantageScore
In 2006, a new credit scoring option became available — VantageScore®. The VantageScore® credit score was born out of a collaboration among the three major credit bureaus.
The two most recent versions of the VantageScore® credit score (3.0 and 4.0) feature the industry-standard credit score range of 300-850. Older VantageScore® models had a scale of 501-990.[4]
VantageScore® are becoming increasingly popular among auto lenders. The 2019 VantageScore® Market Study Report revealed that auto lenders used close to 131 million VantageScore® credit scores between July 1, 2018 and June 30, 2019.[5]
Your credit score will vary depending on the credit scoring model and credit bureau. Various companies will disclose credit scores to you, often for a fee. For instance, you can get your FICO® Score 8 free from Experian, or your VantageScore® 3.0 for $7.95. Equifax will disclose your FICO® Score 5 based on its report for $14.95 a month, and TransUnion will share your VantageScore® 3.0 based on its report for $24.95 a month.[6] VantageScore provides free credit score reports from certain providers as well.[7]
FICO® offers an “advanced” plan that provides 28 FICO® Scores, including auto, mortgage and credit versions, as well as a three-bureau credit report and other services for $29.95 a month.[8] FICO® also offers other plans so be sure to check out the pricing page to determine the best option for you, if you believe you need the service. You can also request a free copy of your credit report at annualcreditreport.com every 12 months from each credit reporting company.[9]
Even if you don’t know which model your lender is using, it’s important to understand approximately what your credit score is and how that will impact your interest rate.
Which credit bureau is used for auto loans?
There are three major credit bureaus that compile your credit history into credit reports: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. Lenders can use any credit bureau to determine your loan eligibility.
There isn’t a definitive answer about which credit bureau is used most for auto loans and it could vary by several different factors of how each lender reports to each credit bureau. While most do, lenders are also not required to report to every credit bureau, which may mean that there’s no guarantee your credit information will be the same across all three credit bureaus.[10]
How does a low credit score affect your car loan?
Lenders will look at your credit score to help determine whether to approve a car loan application, but it isn’t the only factor. They’ll also consider your debt-to-income ratio; personal information such as how long you’ve been at your current address or working for your current employer; and the size of the down payment you’re willing to make.[11]
You may still be able to buy a new car with bad credit, but if you’re approved, the factors above will likely affect your loan terms, the size of your monthly payment, and your interest rate. Remember to be mindful of your budget and evaluate used car options. While a luxury car may look appealing, a functional used model may better fit your budget and credit rating.[12]
Higher interest rates
According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), your credit score is one of many other factors that can affect your interest rate. Your interest rate may fluctuate based on your credit history, the loan amount, the type of car you’re purchasing, and the length of the loan.[13]
If you’re in the “fair” or “very poor” credit score range, you may want to try to increase your score before applying for a car loan. Borrowers with fair credit may be considered subprime borrowers and aren’t likely to receive the best terms if their loan is approved. Those with very poor credit may be denied altogether or may face high loan rates and additional fees even if they are even approved.
This chart details the average interest rate by credit score for a new or used auto loan. You can see it classifies borrowers in five risk categories by their credit score: deep subprime, subprime, nonprime, prime, or super prime, according to the latest data from Experian for Q4 of 2021.[14]
Disclaimer: All rates are subject to change and lenders may have different categories and scoring models. Please use this strictly as a guide.
| Credit score range | Credit score category | Average interest rate (new auto loan, Q4 2021) | Average interest rate (used auto loan, Q4 2021) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 720-850 | super prime | 2.47% | 3.61% |
| 660-719 | prime | 3.51% | 5.38% |
| 620-659 | nonprime | 6.07% | 9.80% |
| 580-619 | subprime | 9.41% | 15.96% |
| 579 or lower | deep subprime | 12.53% | 19.87% |
Larger down payments
A lender may see a borrower with a low credit score as a higher risk and may ask for a higher down payment. This can work to your advantage, though, because you’ll have a smaller loan to pay off. If you can afford a large down payment, you might be able to save some money by paying less in interest overall, even at a higher rate.
Ways to improve your credit before buying a car
Before you decide to buy a car, it’s helpful to understand the factors that go into calculating your credit score. You can then tailor your financial activity to help you build credit.
Pay your bills on time
Your payment history is the most important factor in your credit score, making up 35% of your FICO® Score. Making loan payments on time — whether they’re personal loans, student loans or payments to credit card issuers — is an important step to take in raising your credit score.
Pay down credit card balances
Your credit utilization ratio is the second-largest factor in calculating your FICO® Score, counting for 30%. This is the amount of credit card debt you have on all your credit cards divided by their combined credit limit.
If you had $2,000 in debt on three credit cards with a total limit of $5,000, your credit utilization would be 40%; experts suggest keeping it below 30%. Having a higher credit utilization may negatively affect your credit score and lenders may see you as a potential risky borrower.[15]
Dispute any errors on your credit report
Errors occur on credit reports more often than you might think. Numbers can be transposed; accounts may be incorrectly reported as open, late or delinquent; balances may be off; and fraud can occur. One FTC study found that 1 in 4 consumers found errors on their credit reports that could affect their score.[16]
Fortunately, you can dispute any errors that are inaccurate. To check for any suspicious entries, you can order a free copy of your credit report at annualcreditreport.com.
Hold off on any new loans
Applying for new loans or new credit can affect your credit score. When applying for new credit, an inquiry is placed on your credit report by one of the three major credit bureaus. Depending on which bureau the lender uses, and on the other factors in your report, this inquiry may lower your score by a few points. However, according to FICO®, if you apply for multiple car loans within a short period (usually 45 days) it will count as just one hard inquiry; this principle also applies to shopping for a mortgage loan.[17]
Build your credit over time
If you think you’re going to be in the market for a car, it’s a good idea to build your credit ahead of time. Focusing on general credit habits can be more helpful than trying to achieve a specific score. Building credit takes time, so be patient and diligent about maintaining good budgeting practices, making payments on time, and keeping your credit utilization low.
If you establish a solid payment history and make on-time monthly car payments, you can build credit and obtain lower rates on financial products such as auto loans or other types of loans.
Disclosure: FICO® is a registered trademark of Fair Isaac Corporation in the United States and other countries. VantageScore and its logo are trademarks of VantageScore. All other trademarks are property of VantageScore unless otherwise designated or clearly implied herein as belonging to third parties.
Sources
- FicoScore. “FICO Scores Are Used By 90% of Top Lenders,” https://www.ficoscore.com/about. Accessed March 29, 2022.
- VantageScore. “Lenders,” https://vantagescore.com/lenders/. Accessed June 28, 2022.
- MyFICO. “FICO Score Versions,” https://www.myfico.com/credit-education/credit-scores/fico-score-versions. Accessed March 23, 2022.
- Experian. “The Difference Between VantageScore® Scores and FICO® Scores,” https://www.experian.com/blogs/ask-experian/the-difference-between-vantage-scores-and-fico-scores/. Accessed March 29, 2022.
- VantageScore. “2019 VantageScore Market Study Report,” https://vantagescore.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2019-VantageScore-Market-Adoption-Study-FINAL-1.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2022.
- Experian. “Does The Type of Credit Score Matter?” https://www.experian.com/blogs/ask-experian/does-the-type-of-credit-score-matter/. Accessed March 29, 2022.
- VantageScore. “Get Your Free Credit Score,” https://vantagescore.com/consumers/tools/free-credit-scores/. Accessed June 28, 2022.
- MyFICO. “FICO® Advanced,” https://www.myfico.com/products/ultimate-three-bureau-credit-report. Accessed February 22, 2022.
- AnnualCreditReport. “AnnualCreditReport.com” https://www.annualcreditreport.com/index.action. Accessed June 28, 2022.
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. “What is a credit report?” https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-credit-report-en-309/. Accessed June 28, 2022.
- Forbes. “How To Get A Car Loan With Bad Credit,” https://www.forbes.com/advisor/auto-loans/car-loan-with-bad-credit/. Accessed February 22, 2022.
- Kelley Blue Book. “Can I Buy a Car with Poor Credit History?” https://www.kbb.com/car-advice/can-i-buy-a-car-with-poor-credit-history/. Accessed June 28, 2022.
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. “How Does A Lender Decide What Interest Rate To Offer Me On An Auto Loan?” https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-does-a-lender-decide-what-interest-rate-to-offer-me-on-an-auto-loan-en-765/. Accessed March 29, 2022.
- Experian. “Auto Finance Insights,” https://www.experian.com/content/dam/noindex/na/us/automotive/finance-trends/2021/q4-2021-experian-state-of-auto-finance.pdf. Accessed March 29, 2022.
- Experian. “What Should My Credit Card Utilization Be?” https://www.experian.com/blogs/ask-experian/what-should-my-credit-card-utilization-be/. Accessed June 27, 2022.
- Federal Trade Commission. “In FTC Study, Five Percent of Consumers Had Errors on Their Credit Reports That Could Result in Less Favorable Terms for Loans,” https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/02/ftc-study-five-percent-consumers-had-errors-their-credit-reports. Accessed February 22, 2022.
- MyFICO. “Credit Checks: What are credit inquiries and how do they affect your FICO® Score?” https://www.myfico.com/credit-education/credit-reports/credit-checks-and-inquiries. Accessed June 28, 2022.
About the author
Ana Gonzalez-Ribeiro, MBA, AFC® is an Accredited Financial Counselor® and a Bilingual Personal Finance Writer and Educator dedicated to helping populations that need financial literacy and counseling. Her informative articles have been published in various news outlets and websites including Huffington Post, Fidelity, Fox Business News, MSN and Yahoo Finance. She also founded the personal financial and motivational site www.AcetheJourney.com and translated into Spanish the book, Financial Advice for Blue Collar America by Kathryn B. Hauer, CFP. Ana teaches Spanish or English personal finance courses on behalf of the W!SE (Working In Support of Education) program has taught workshops for nonprofits in NYC.
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