How to prepare for a recession | Fidelity (2024)

Inflation has cooled significantly but the Federal Reserve may not be ready to put an end to rate increases just yet. The more the central bank raises interest rates, the more the economy may slow down—so investors want to know how to prepare for a recession. No one knows what's going to happen in the future, but it never hurts to prepare for the worst while hoping for the best.

During tough times, the strength of your financial plan can be tested in ways you may have not imagined. And that can cause some strong feelings—which can sometimes complicate financial decisions. If you're ready to learn how to prepare for a recession, here are 6 smart steps you can take now to manage your emotions and help bolster your finances.

1. Practice mindfulness to help make better money moves

Sometimes our natural reactions are not the most helpful. "Some people disengage from their finances in down markets because they feel anxiety at the thought of knowing how bad their situation might be. Others, meanwhile, engage more in down markets, spurred by feelings of fear into behaviors like panic selling," says Brianna Middlewood, PhD, a behavioral research scientist at Fidelity.

That's why it's always important to keep your long-term goals in focus. If you find yourself checking out or tempted to cut your losses in the market despite a well-considered long-term investment plan, take a moment to reflect on what's really driving your choice and if it’s in your long-term interest. Practicing mindfulness can help you develop the discipline you may need to avoid emotional money moves that you may regret down the road.

2. Get a financial plan or stress-test the plan you have

If you don't have a financial plan, it can make sense to build one and adjust as needed along the way. Planning can help you see where you stand now and give you a roadmap to a financially secure future. As part of the planning process, you can test the impact of various market and economic scenarios on your financial well-being; for instance, calculating the amount you may need to save to hit your major goals if some factors change.

"The thing I worry about are the big shocks to the system—like a recession and being laid off. You want to try to ensure you have enough liquidity to get through those periods," says David Peterson, head of wealth planning at Fidelity. "With a plan in place, you can play around with estimates. What if I get laid off and am out of work for 6 months? Where is money going to come from to cover essential expenses? And how might it impact my retirement plan? A plan can be modeled and you can estimate what 6 months with no income means for you.”

It can be a balancing act, saving and investing for the distant future while also taking steps to protect what you have today. Consider thinking about your financial picture in terms of 3 broad categories: preparing for emergencies, protection, and growth potential. These 3 building blocks work together to help make sure you have money for unexpected expenses, a plan to protect what you have, and growth potential to reach your long-term goals.

3. Look for ways to spend less or earn more

In the short term, it's very difficult to conjure up more money. If it were easy we'd all be doing it already. So spending less is the obvious lever to pull when casting around for more cash to save or to pay bills.

To get started, look at your spending versus your income. You don't need to track every penny but having a rough idea of how much you're spending and where can help you get started.

Fidelity's 50/15/5 guideline lays out a plan for making sure you're able to pay for essentials while saving for the future and unexpected expenses.

4. Bolster your emergency fund

An emergency fund can be a lifeline during hard times. Ideally, you should try to save enough to cover 3 to 6 months of essential expenses. Some people may want to save even more than that. Don't worry if your emergency fund isn't quite up to that standard; 3 months' worth of essential expenses is quite a lot of money to squirrel away. Get the ball rolling by saving $1,000 or one month's worth of essentials and then keep going until you've hit a level that helps you feel secure.

It can make sense to keep a significant portion of your emergency fund in liquid savings too—that way you can easily access your money if and when it's needed. "It doesn't necessarily need to be all in cash but consider a relatively low-risk investment that you can depend on if you do need to access it," says Peterson.

5. Try to stay the course with your investments

Investing for the long term takes some belief that things are going to be OK in the future. Though it can be disconcerting and even upsetting, market volatility is a regular part of life in the stock market.

Stock market trade-offs

Looking on the bright side, the stock market has had more up years than down years historically. But there's a trade-off. Stock prices don't go straight up forever—they tend to fall a bit a few times per year. Corrections of up to 15% may occur every few years. Sometimes the market goes down more than 20%. Those events tend to be rare but are not entirely unprecedented. A decline of more than 10% but less than 20% is called a correction. A decline of at least 20% from the market's high point to the low is known as a bear market.

Historically, the stock market has produced positive returns following significant corrections and bear markets. And that is one reason why it can be a good idea to stick with your investment plan through market ups and downs.

Past performance is no guarantee of future results.Returns were calculated using daily market returns for the S&P 500 for the time period following the market low after each correction and bear market from 1950 to 2022. Source: Fidelity Asset Allocation Research, as of June 30, 2022. The impact of taxes and fees are not considered in this hypothetical illustration.

Hypothetical growth of $10,000 invested in the S&P 500 Index, January 1, 1980–June 30, 2022

Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. Source: FMRCo, Asset Allocation Research Team, as of June 30, 2022. See footnote 1 for details.

6. Update your resume and sharpen your skills

Slowing economic growth can mean layoffs but the good news is that the labor market is still beating expectations. Though layoffs have hit tech companies, the latest government employment data continues to reflect more job openings than workers. The number of job openings has fallen since 2022, but the overall picture is still strong. As of May 2023, 9.8 million jobs remain open, down from over 11 million year over year.

Whether you're concerned about potential layoffs or you're just ready to make a change, refreshing your resume with your latest skills and achievements can help make sure you're prepared.

Do your best to cope with tough financial times

The best time to plan for worst-case scenarios is when everything is going great. Nothing lasts forever. Bull markets will end and so will bear markets; economic expansions will eventually contract into a recession, but growth will start again. To get your financial plan started, or to strengthen the plan you already have, consider working with a financial professional.